Quickly access book and internet sources for the following chapters:
General / Chapter 1 / Chapter 2 / Chapter 3 / Chapter 4 / Chapter 5 / Chapter 6
(External sites last checked on June 19, 2000)

Quickly access image sources for the following chapters:
Chapter 1 / Chapter 2 / Chapter 3 / Chapter 4 / Chapter 5 / Chapter 6

General
Books
Mostyn, Trevor, ed. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Middle East and North Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

Rahman, H.U. A Chronology of Islamic History, 570-1000 CE. Boston: G.K. Hall & Co., 1989.

Robinson, Francis, ed. The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Internet
- http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/islam/islamsbook.html
- http://cwis.usc.edu:80/dept/MSA/reference/glossary.html

Chapter 1: Islamic Beginnings
Books
Grant, Michael. From Rome to Byzantium: The Fifth Century AD. London: Routledge, 1998.

Irving, Clive. Crossroads of Civilization: 3000 Years of Persian History. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1979.

Shahid, Irfan. Rome and the Arabs. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1984.

Shahid, Irfan. Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth Century. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1984.

Shahid, Irfan. Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fifth Century. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1989.

Yarshater, Ehsan, ed. The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 2 and 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968.

Internet
Roman and Byzantine Empires:
- www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/firsteurope/
- www.metmuseum.org/explore/Byzantium/byzhome.html
- www.bway.net/~halsall/byzantium.html
- http://eawc.evansville.edu/chronology/extract.cgi?place=ro

Zoroastrianism:
- http://www.religioustolerance.org/zoroastr.htm

Muhammad, Beliefs and Practices:
- http://fisher.osu.edu/~muhanna_1/hijri-intro.html
- http://www.religioustolerance.org/islam.htm
- http://www.muhammad.net/

Gender Roles:
- http://members.home.net/arshad/womqursun.html
- http://www.islamzine.com/women/

Chapter 2: The Caliphate and the First Islamic Dynasty
Books
Brett, Michael, and Elizabeth Fentress. The Berbers. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd., 1996.

Julien, Charles-Andri. History of North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, From the Arab Conquest to 1830. Trans. John Petrie. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1970.

Saunders, J.J. A History of Medieval Islam. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1965.

Spuler, Bertold. The Muslim World, A Historical Survey, Part I: The Age of the Caliphs. Trans. F.R.C. Bagley. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1960.

Taha, Abdulwahid Dhanun. The Muslim Conquest and Settlement of North Africa and Spain. London: Routledge, 1989.

Watt, W. Montgomery. A History of Islamic Spain. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1965.

Internet
Battle of Karbala:
- www.megastories.com/iraq/map/shiite.htm

Umayyad Coins:
- http://w3.nai.net/~jroberts/umc.htm

Umayyad Territorial Expansion:
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/arab-poitiers732.html

Chapter 3: The Fractured Caliphate and the Regional Dynasties
Books
Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. The Ghaznavids: Their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran, 994-1040. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1963.

Broomhall, Marshall. Islam in China: A Neglected Problem. New York: Paragon Book Reprint Corp., 1966.

Clarke, Peter B. West Africa and Islam: A Study of Religious Development From the 8th to the 20th Century. London: Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., 1982.

Hiskett, Mervyn. The Development of Islam in West Africa. London: Longman Group Ltd., 1984.

Humphreys, R. Stephen. From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193-1260. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1977

Joshi, Rekha. Facets of the Delhi Sultanate. Allahabad: Kitab Mahal, 1978.

Klausner, Carla L. The Seljuk Vezirate: A Study of Civil Administration, 1055-1194. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973.

Lev, Yaacov. State and Society in Fatimid Egypt. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991.

Levtzion, Nehemia. Ancient Ghana and Mali. London: Africana Publishing Co., 1980.

Newby, P.H. Saladin in His Time. London: Faber & Faber Ltd., 1983.

Rice, Tamara Talbot. The Seljuks in Asia Minor. London: Thames & Hudson, 1961.

Ryan, N.J. The Making of Modern Malaysia and Singapore: A History From Earliest Times to 1966. London: Oxford University Press, 1969.

Shaban, M.A. The Abbasid Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.

Winters, Clyde-Ahmad. Mao or Muhammad: Islam in the People's Republic of China. Hong Kong: Asian Research Service, 1979.

Ziadeh, Nicola A. Urban Life in Syria Under the Early Mamluks. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press, 1953.

Internet
The Abbasid Dynasty:
- http://www.TechFak.Uni-Bielefeld.DE/ags/ti/personen/mfreeric/m/an/a_night_9.html

Spain and the Maghrib:
- http://users.erols.com/gmqm/places2.html

Egypt:
- http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/heroine1.html

Chapter 4: The Mongol Invasions
Books
Allsen, Thomas T. Mongol Imperialism: The Policies of the Grand Qan Mongke in China, Russia, and the Islamic Lands, 1251-1259. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.

Dols, Michael W. The Black Death in the Middle East. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977.

Morgan, David. The Mongols. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers, 1986.

Nicolle, David. The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane. United Kingdom: Firebird Books, 1990.

Spuler, Bertold. The Muslim World, A Historical Survey, Part II: The Mongol Period. Trans. F.R.C. Bagley. London: E.J. Brill, 1969.

Internet
The Mongol Invasions:
- http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/oldwrld/armies/khan.html

The Black Death:
- http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/endmiddle/bluedot/blackdeath.html

The Timurid Empire:
- http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/oldwrld/armies/tamerlane.html

War Elephants:
- http://cal044202.student.utwente.nl/~marsares/warfare/army/m_elepha.html

Chapter 5: The Rise of the Great Islamic Empires
Books
Gascoigne, Bamber. The Great Moghuls. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc., 1971.

Inalcik, Halil. The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age, 1300-1600. Trans. Norman Itzkowitz and Colin Imbur. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd., 1973.

Itzkowitz, Norman. Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972.

Lindner, Rudi Paul. Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia. Bloomington: Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University, 1983.

Malcolm, Noel. Bosnia: A Short History. London: Macmillan, 1994.

Merriman, Roger Bigelow. Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520-1566. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1944.

Mervin, Sandra, and Carol Prunhuber. Women Around the World and Through the Ages. Wilmington, DE: Atomium Books, 1990.

Morgan, David. Medieval Persia, 1040-1797. Essex: Longman Group Ltd., 1988.

Savory, Roger. Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.

Spear, Percival. A History of India, Vol. II: From the 16th to the 20th Century. London: Penguin Books, 1965.

Stripling, George William Frederick. The Ottoman Turks and the Arabs, 1511-1574. Philadelphia: Porcupine Press, 1977.

Thackston, Wheeler M., ed. and trans. The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Thapar, Romila. A History of India, Vol. I: From the Discovery of India to 1526. London: Penguin Books Ltd., 1966.

Vryonis Jr., Speros. The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization From the Eleventh Through the Fifteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971.

Internet
The Fall of Constantinople:
- http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/Ext/Koran.html

Bosnia:
- www.applicom.com/manu/briefhis.htm

Safavid Empire:
- www.tamasha.com/information/Iran_General_Information/History.htm

Chapter 6: The Arts, Learning, and Knowledge
Books
Arnold, Thomas W. Painting in Islam: A Study of the Place of Pictorial Art in Muslim Culture. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1965.

Brend, Barbara. Islamic Art. London: British Museum Press, 1991.

James, David. Islamic Art: An Introduction. London: Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd., 1974.

Qadir, C.A. Philosophy and Science in the Islamic World. London: Routledge, 1988.

Spuhler, Friedrich. Islamic Carpets and Textiles in the Keir Collection. Trans. George and Cornelia Wingfield Digby. London: Faber and Faber Ltd., 1978.

Welch, Anthony. Calligraphy in the Arts of the Muslim World. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

Internet
Islamic Art:
- http://www.islamicart.com/

Islam and Knowledge:
- http://users.erols.com/zenithco/Introl3.html
- http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/introduction/woi_knowledge.html
- http://ismaili.net/~heritage/mirrors/science.html
- http://www.islamicity.org/Mosque/

Arabic words in English:
- http://users.erols.com/zenithco/Introl2.html

Medicine:
- http://users.erols.com/gmqm/euromed1.html

Astronomy:
- http://users.erols.com/gmqm/arabastro.html

Mathematics:
- http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/

Eight Scholars:
- http://www.jamil.com/personalities/index.shtml
- http://www.student.city.ac.uk/~cl540/mus-sci/index.html
- http://www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/people_n2/persons5_n2/albiruni.html
- http://www.humanities.mq.edu.au/politics/x52t07.html

Image Sources

Chapter 1: Islamic Beginnings

(.../islam/beginnings/roman.html)
Constantine I - www.metmuseum.org/explore/Byzantium/byzim_1.html
Justinian - www.tulane.edu/lester/text/Early.Christian.Period/Byzantine/Byzantine32.html

(.../islam/beginnings/zoro.html)
Fire Temple - www.virtualani.freeserve.co.uk/firetemple/firetemple.htm

(.../islam/beginnings/mecca.html)
The Ka'ba in Mecca - www.islam.org/Mosque/pillars.htm

(.../islam/beginnings/arabian.html)
The Pre-Islamic World - © The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary

(.../islam/beginnings/muhammad.html)
Prophet's Mosque in Medina - www.islamicity.org/Culture/Mosques/Madinah/Madinah_WS.htm

(.../islam/beginnings/beliefs.html)
Shahada at Topkapi Palace in Istanbul - www.islam.org/Mosque/pillars.htm
Masjid Aqsa in Jerusalem - www.islamicity.org/Culture/Mosques/Jerusalem/TMp82b.htm
Hajj pilgrims at Masjid Al-Haram in Mecca - www.islamicity.org/Culture/Mosques/Makkah/haram3.htm

Chapter 2: The Caliphate and the First Islamic Dynasty

(.../islam/caliphate/abuBakr.html)
The Spread of Islam under Abu Bakr, 632-34 CE, © The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary

(.../islam/caliphate/umar.html)
The Spread of Islam under Umar, 634-44 CE, © The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary

(.../islam/caliphate/uthman.html)
A page from the Qur'an - www.unn.ac.uk/societies/islamic/index.html

(.../islam/caliphate/ali.html)
Shrine of Imam Ali in Najaf, Iraq - www.al-islam.org/gallery/photos/image1st.htm

(.../islam/caliphate/umayyad.html)
Umayyad Great Mosque at Damascus - www.islamicity.org/Culture/Mosques/Asia/damascus.htm

(.../islam/caliphate/umPolitics.html)
Interior of the Great Mosque at Damascus - http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/nes257/damascus.html

(.../islam/caliphate/karbala.html)
Mausoleum of Husain at Karbala - www.al-islam.org/gallery/photos/husayn.gif

(.../islam/caliphate/umTerritory.html)
Muslim Expansion in North Africa under the Umayyad Dynasty, 661-750 CE, © The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary
Great Mosque of Kairouan - http://i-cias.com/m.s/tunisia/kairoua3.htm
Muslim Expansion in Spain up to 750 CE, © The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary
Muslim Expansion in Central Asia under the Umayyad Dynasty, 661-750 CE, © The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary

Chapter 3: The Fractured Caliphate and the Regional Dynasties

(.../islam/fractured/abbasid.html)
Abbasid Palace in Baghdad - http://achilles.net/~sal/

(.../islam/fractured/spainMaghrib.html)
Great Mosque at Cordoba - www.majbill.vt.edu/FLL/Culture-Civ/spanish/index.html
Aghlabid aqueduct system in Kairouan - http://i-cias.com/m.s/tunisia/
Expansion of the Almoravids to 1117 CE, © The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary
Expansion of the Almohads to 1200 CE, © The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary
Alhambra in Granada - www.cardiff.ac.uk/uwcc/suon/islamic/

(.../islam/fractured/egypt.html)
Al-Azhar Mosque in Cairo - http://islam.org/Culture/MOSQUES/Africa/default.htm
Eastward Shift of the Fatimid Caliphate 960-1060 CE, © The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary
Saladin - http://byzantium.rutgers.edu/
Citadel in Cairo - http://interoz.com/egypt/citadel.htm
The Ayyubid Dynasty at the Death of Saladin, 1193, © The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary
Mamluk soldier - www.islamicity.org/Mosque/ihame/Sec11.htm

(.../islam/fractured/westAfrica.html)
Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca - www.penncharter.com/Student/africa/gov/index.html
West African Kingdoms, © The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary

(.../islam/fractured/centralAsia.html)
Figure of a Seljuk court official - www.dia.org/collection/collection.html
The Seljuk Turks, 1100, © The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary

(.../islam/fractured/SEAsia.html)
The Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia, © The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary
The Malacca Sultanate, c. 1500, © The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary
Bandar Seri Bagawan Mosque in Brunei - www.islamicity.org/Mosque/ihame/Sec15.htm

(.../islam/fractured/china.html)
Songjiang Mosque, China - www.sh.com/

(.../islam/fractured/summary.html)
The Islamic World, 1500, © The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary

Chapter 4: The Mongol Invasions

(.../islam/mongols/ilkhanate.html)
The Il-Khan Empire of Hulegu, 1294, © The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary

(.../islam/mongols/timurid.html)
Timur - www.itihaas.com/medieval/delhi-sultanate.html#timur
Kalyan Minaret in Bukhara - www.uznet.net/bukhara.html
The Timurid Empire, 1405, © The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary
Gur-i Amir (Timur's Mausoleum) in Samarkand - www.sambuh.com/main/destinations/samarkand/samarkand.htm

Chapter 5: The Rise of the Great Islamic Empires

(.../islam/empires/ottoman/ottoman1.html)
Osman - www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~sami/osmanli/01_osmangazi.html

(.../islam/empires/ottoman/ottoman2.html)
Orhan - www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/~sami/osmanli/02_orhangazi.html

(.../islam/empires/ottoman/ottoman3.html)
Mehmed II - www.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/ottoman/index.htm
Interior of Fatih Mosque in Istanbul - www.exploreturkey.com/pic_htms/toist052.htm

(.../islam/empires/ottoman/const.html)
Painting of the Siege of Constantinople - www.greece.org/Romiosini/fall.html
Topkapi Palace in Istanbul - www.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/ottoman/index.htm

(.../islam/empires/ottoman/bosnia.html)
Kozja Cuprija Bridge in Sarajevo - www.geocities.com/SunsetStrip/2280/monu-pic.html
Gazi Husrev Beg Mosque in Sarajevo - www.cco.caltech.edu/~bosnia/culture/
Rebuilding the Gazi Husrev Beg Mosque in Sarajevo - www.islaam.com/
The Old Bridge in Mostar, Bosnia - www.siprep.org/html/computer/alma/mostar.htm

(.../islam/empires/ottoman/ottoman4.html)
Selim II receives Safavid ambassador - www.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/ottoman/index.htm

(.../islam/empires/ottoman/suleyman.html)
Suleyman I - www.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/ottoman/index.htm
Suleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul - www.cardiff.ac.uk/uwcc/suon/islamic/
The Expansion of the Ottoman Empire, © The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary

(.../islam/empires/ottoman/roxelana.html)
Roxelana - www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us/~nwhist/mideast/MHope.html
Roxelana's chamber in Topkapi Palace - www.mfa.gov.tr/grupd/

(.../islam/empires/safavid/abbas.html)
The Ottoman and Safavid Empires, ca, 1600, © The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary
The Ali Qapu (Royal Palace) in Isfahan - www.metropolismag.com/sept97/islamic/islam4.html

(.../islam/empires/mughals/humayun.html)
Humayun's Tomb in Delhi - www.atchison.net/gallery/india/india.htm

(.../islam/empires/mughals/akbar.html)
The Mughal Empire at Akbar's Death, 1605, © The Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary
Dargah Mosque - www.unn.ac.uk/societies/islamic/index.htm

(.../islam/empires/mughals/fatehpur.html)
Great Mosque at Fatehpur Sikri - www.islam.org/Culture/MOSQUES/Asia/India_GM.htm

Chapter 6: The Arts, Learning, and Knowledge

(.../islam/learning/architecture.html)
Masjid-i Shah in Isfahan - www.islamicity.org/Culture/Mosques/Asia/TMp129a.htm
Masjid-i Jami in Isfahan - www.islamicity.org/Culture/Mosques/Asia/TMp131a.htm
Selimiye Mosque at Edirne - www.islamicity.org/Culture/Mosques/Asia/TMp59a.htm
Taj Mahal - http://users.erols.com/zenithco/tajmahal.html
Mosque of Ahmad ibn Tulun in Cairo - www.islamicity.org/Culture/Mosques/Africa/TMp85a.htm

(.../islam/learning/calligraphy.html)
Examples of Calligraphic Writing - www.sakkal.com/Arab_Calligraphy_Art7.html
Mosque of the Immortal Crane, Yangzhou - www.islamicity.org/Culture/Mosques/Asia/TMp213d.htm
Interior of the Prophet's Mosque in Medina - www.islamicity.org/Culture/Mosques/Madinah/PMMin.htm

(.../islam/learning/carpet.html)
Carpet from Malayer, Iran - www.islamicart.com/cgi-bin/pgs/rugs.cgi?32
Carpet from Konya, Turkey - www.islamicart.com/cgi-bin/pgs/rugs.cgi?27
Turkish and Persian Carpet Knots - www.islamicart.com/pages/rugs/class_index.html

(.../islam/learning/khwarizmi.html)
Al-Khwarizmi - www.jamil.com/personalities/index.shtml

(.../islam/learning/farabi.html)
Al-Farabi - [www.dnic.com/shindagah/october/farabi.htm] site lost

(.../islam/learning/biruni.html)
Al-Biruni - www.jamil.com/personalities/index.shtml
Al-Biruni's world map - www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/EMwebpages/214.3.html

(.../islam/learning/ibnsina.html)
Ibn Sina - http://users.erols.com/zenithco/sina.html

(.../islam/learning/khayyam.html)
Omar Khayyam - www.jamil.com/personalities/index.shtml
Persian carpet of Khayyam's poetry - www.farsinet.com/persianrug/history.html

(.../islam/learning/ghazali.html)
Al-Ghazali - www.jamil.com/personalities/index.shtml

(.../islam/learning/ibnrushd.html)
Ibn Rushd - www.jamil.com/personalities/index.shtml

(.../islam/learning/khaldun.html)
Ibn Khaldun - www.jamil.com/personalities/index.shtml

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