| Unit.C.4.1.
Standards of Practice & Professional Associations |
| [Unit.A.4.1.]
[Unit.B.4.1.] [Unit.C.4.1.]
[Unit.D.4.1.] [Unit.E.4.1.] |
Australia |
focus
points
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Insert forensic
focus points here
Canada |
focus
points
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"Correctional
Service of Canada (CSC) in their Standards for Health Services
(1994) states that CSC will deliver essential health services
comparable to provincial and community standards, notwithstanding
the constraints inherent in the correctional environment.
Anonymous HIV Testing is now available to most citizens
in the community and with the assistance of the local health
authority can be made available to offenders in prison"
(CSC, 1994).
The Standards
for Health Care were initially developed as one of the initiatives
of the 1988 Health Care Review. They were revised in 1994
in order to reflect the principles emanating from the Correctional
Service of Canada's Management Administration and Operational
Review (MAOR) (CSC, 2000).
The purpose
of the Principles and Standards, which are complementary
to the Commissioner's Directives, is to delineate for all
staff the precise expectations of the Correctional Service
of Canada regarding the methods of delivering services which
will provide offenders with an integrated, comprehensive
and nationally consistent Health Service (CSC, 2000).
The Principles
and Standards have been developed consistent with the CSC
Mission Statement and Core Values. Further, the Principles
and Standards adhere to the legal requirements of the Corrections
and Conditional Release Act (CCRA) (CSC, 2000).
The Standards
are a reflection of the commonly accepted practice in the
community and are subject to periodic review, under the
direction of the Health Services, to ensure that they remain
current and relevant (CSC, 2000).
1977- "Guidelines for professional conduct of health professionals - established by (CSC) Correctional Service Canada" (Lehmann, 1983, p. 38).
International |
focus
points
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1997- "International
Association of Forensic Nurses Standards of Nursing Practice
were approved by the American Nurses Association" (IAFN
Newsletter, 1997).
"International
Association of Forensic Nurses Standards of Practice for
Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners were approved by the American
Nurses Association" (IAFN Newsletter, 1997).
"Nurses
employed in prison health services do not assume functions
of prison security personnel, such as body search, for prison
security reasons" (ICN, 1986).
"Some of
the rights of a patient / prisoner are: the right to health
care; the right to refuse to eat; and the right to refuse
treatment or medication" (ICN, 1986).
United Kingdom |
focus
points
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Health Care Standards
for Prisons for England and Wales were approved by the Prisons
Board which sets prison policy. The aim was for prisoners
to receive care that is compatible with that offered in
the general public by the NHS" (HMSO, 1994; Waring,
1994, p. 38).
"The aim
of the Health Care service is to give prisoners access to
the same range and quality of health care as the general
public receives from the NHS" (Health Advisory Committee
for the Prisoner Service 1997, p. 6, cited in Polczyk-Przybyla
& Gournay, 1999, p. 895).
"This criteria
had major implications for nursing as it was concluded that
there was considerable inconsistency across the country
for practice standards" (Polczyk-Przybyla & Gournay,
1999, p. 895-896).
United States |
focus
points
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"The basic
philosophy underlying the standards is that health care
provided in the correctional facility should be equivalent
to that available in the community and subject to the same
regulations" (A.N.A., 1995).
"The American
Medical Association in 1973 developed standards and an accreditation
program for the improvement of prison health care services"
(AMA, 1973; cited in Chaisson, 1981, p. 737).
"Scope
& Standards of Nursing Practice in Correctional Facilities
were approved by the American Nurses Association" (ANA,
1984).
"Detainees
in correctional facilities are totally dependent on the
employees of the institutions for their health care. This
increases the nurse's responsibility for assisting the incarcerated
persons with their health care problems" (ANA, 1984).
"Nurses
practicing in correctional facilities provide health care
services as their sole responsibility, and matters of nursing
judgment are solely their province" (A.N.A., 1995).
"The American
Public Health Association (APHO, 1975) - The mandate by
the courts for adequate and reasonable health care, resulted
in professional groups establishing standards of health
care for correctional institutions" (Felton, Parsons,
& Satterfield, 1987, p. 112).
"The American
public overall had little sympathy for those who were incarcerated
and even less interest in spending scarce public resources
on them. Many jurisdictions were unwilling to provide the
resources necessary to bring health services up to minimum
standards" (Moritz, 1982, p. 253).
"The courts,
however recognized that health care is a constitutional
right, not a privilege, for those incarcerated and that
it should be comparable to the standard in the community
in which the correctional facility is located" (Dubler,
1979, cited in Moritz, 1982, p. 253).
"The nursing
standards recognized the right of all people to have adequate
health care and were based upon principles, that ensure
the incarcerated have access to nursing services; that health
care cannot be compromised by detention or incarceration;
that health care can be provided in an atmosphere which
fosters dignity and reinforces the worth of both the individual
and the health professional, and that health services be
the direct function of health professionals" (New York
State Nurses Association, 1980, cited in Moritz, 1982, p.
254).
The mission of
the National Commission on Correctional Health Care is to
improve the quality of health care in jails, prisons and
juvenile confinement facilities. With support from the major
national organizations representing the fields of health,
law and corrections, NCCHC's leadership in setting standards
for health services is widely recognized. Building on that
foundation, our not-for-profit organization offers a broad
array of resources to help correctional health care systems
provide efficient, high quality care (NCCHC, 2002).
NCCHC's Standards
for Health Services are the recommended guidelines for managing
the delivery of medical and mental health care within correctional
systems. The Standards have helped the nation's correctional
and detention facilities improve the health of their inmates
and the communities to which they return; increase the efficiency
of their health services delivery; strengthen their organizational
effectiveness; and reduce their risk of adverse legal judgments.
Written in separate volumes for prisons, jails and juvenile
confinement facilities, the Standards cover the general
areas of care and treatment, health records, administration,
personnel and medical-legal issues (NCCHC, 2002).
"American
Correctional Association Standard 3-4330 states: "Written
policy, procedure and practice require continuity of care
from admission to discharge from the facility, including
referral to community care when indicated" (McVey,
2002. p. 58).
"Further,
National Commission on Correctional Health Care (NCCHC)
Standard P-44 states: "Written policy and defined procedures
require, and actual practice evidences, continuity of care
from admission to the prison through discharge from it,
including referrals to community resources when indicated"
(McVey, 2002. p. 58).
"Both standards
recognize the importance of gathering pertinent health and
mental health care patient data, making referrals to the
appropriate community provider and establishing formal policies,
procedures and practices to accomplish the continuity of
care. NCCHC's continuity of care position statement recognizes
inmates as a high health risk group. Certain diseases pose
a particular threat to the public, such as tuberculous,
HIV/AIDS, hepatitis C, sexually transmitted diseases and
severe and persistent psychiatric disorders" (McVey,
2002. p. 58).
"Further,
NCCHC's position statement acknowledges the importance of
effective management, which requires close coordination
and good communication between correctional health staff
and public health agencies. This is essential to provide
the continuity of care, which will adequately manage the
physical and mental health disorders of this disadvantaged
population. Correctional health and mental health care should
be seen as a public health continuum, with continuity of
care release planning being an important transition between
phases of the health care continuum" (McVey, 2001,
p. 58).
Focus Points
Reference
American Nurses
Association. (1995). Scope & Standards of Nursing
Practice in Correctional Facilities. (Publication #
NP-104). Author: Washington, DC, USA.
Chaisson, G.
M. (1981). Correctional health care: Beyond the barriers.
American Journal of Nursing. 81 (4), 737-738.
Correctional
Service Canada. (2000, December). Standards for Health,
Correctional Service Canada (1988, revised 1994). Retrieved
June 18, 2002 from the CSC Website: http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/prgrm/fsw/hlthstds/toc_e.shtml
Correctional
Service Canada. (2000, December). Standards for Health,
Correctional Service Canada (1988, revised 1994). Preface
by Jacques H. Roy, M.D. Corporate Advisor Health Services.
Retrieved June 18, 2002 from the CSC Website: http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/prgrm/fsw/hlthstds/toc_e.shtml
Felton, G.,
Parsons, M., Satterfield, P. (1987). Correctional facilities:
A viable community health practice site for students.
Journal of Community Health Nursing, 4 (2), 111-115.
International
Association of Forensic Nurses (1997). Standards of Practice
for Sexual Assault Nurses. New Jersey: IAFN.
International
Association of Forensic Nurses (2002). IAFN Website.
Retrieved June 15, 2002, from: http://www.forensicnurse.org
International
Council of Nurses. (1986). The nurses role in the care
of detainees and prisoners. Geneva: Author.
International
Council of Nurses. (1986). The nurses role in safeguarding
human rights. Geneva: Author.
Lehmann, A.
(1983). Nursing's last frontier: Our Canadian prisons. The
Canadian Nurse, 79 (7), 37-39.
Moritz, P. (1982).
Health care in correctional facilities: A nursing challenge.
Nursing Outlook, 30 (4), 253-259.
National Commission
on Correctional Health Care. (2002).NCCHC's Standards for
Health Services Chicago, IL, USA. Retrieved May 16, 2002
from NCCHC Website: http://www.ncchc.org
Polczyk-Przybyla,
M. & Gournay, K. (1999). Psychiatric nursing in prison:
The state of the art? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 30
(4), 893-900.
Waring, T. (1996).
Prisoners with diabetes: Do they receive appropriate care?
Nursing Times, 92 (16), 38-39.
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