| Unit.C.1.2.
Philosophies/Theories |
[Unit.A.1.2.]
[Unit.B.1.2.] [Unit.C.1.2.]
[Unit.D.1.2.] [Unit.E.1.2.]
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Australia |
focus
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Insert forensic
focus points here
Canada |
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"There are
number of conceptual models that are shared across disciplines.
Theoretical models influence the way particular disciplines
function and direct their approach to care. Theoretical
frameworks guide the ways professionals gather information
about their forensic clients and assist victims and perpetrators
in the coping and changing process. Theories bring significant
understanding to clinical practice and provide frameworks
for organizing and labeling perceptions of behavior"
(Kent-Wilkinson, 1999).
"It is
a challenge to integrate into practice an epistemology that
explains behavior, affect, mood, and other known symptoms
of human conduct, mental illness and criminal behavior.
It is also a challenge to articulate the philosophy of our
forensic practice, develop and define our therapeutic roles,
identify our own philosophical beliefs, and expand our body
of theoretical knowledge for the promotion of quality care
in our specialized areas of forensic practice" (Kent-Wilkinson,
1996).
"Our philosophy
of forensic nursing is constantly evolving, yet it is an
evolution that grows from the four central concepts of nursing's
metaparadigm: person, society, health and nursing"
(Fawcett, 1984; Flaskerud & Halloran, 1980, cited in
Kent-Wilkinson, 1993, p. 23).
"While
using the models of primary nursing and therapeutic milieu,
our philosophical base identifies with humanism, existentialism
and holism" (Kent-Wilkinson, 1993, p. 26).
"The advantages
of this approach is that it answers the question of how
we would want to be treated were we the patient. Understanding
events in a person's life that have resulted in their alleged
offences reinforces our philosophical approach" (Kent-Wilkinson,
1993, p. 26).
"A disadvantage
of our approach is that the humanistic value of the mental
health system constantly clash with the control and security
goals of the criminal justice system. In our practice we
sometimes find it difficult to project a humanistic approach
when security, an important component of forensic nursing,
has to be constantly kept in mind" (Kent-Wilkinson,
1993, p. 26).
International |
focus
points
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Insert forensic
focus points here
New Zealand |
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"The basic
philosophy of occupational therapy is that each person has
needs of work, rest and play. They are entitled to opportunities
to maximize potential, within cultural, family and community
environments. This domain of concern is one that many professionals
are aware of especially as it relates to prison settings"
(Seek, 1989, p. 18).
United Kingdom |
focus
points
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"Prison
Health Nursing is predicted, like all nursing upon a basic
ethic of humanitarianism" (Alexander-Rodriguez, 1983,
p. 115).
"In an attempt
to apply scientific qualification, many efforts have begun
in philosophical reflection on the process of nursing. Forensic
nursing is no exception, but unfortunately this has been
undertaken by the saturation of theories and models from
the general literature of nursing, rather than 'fixing the
knowledge from within the field'"(Mason & Chandley,
1990, p. 669).
"This attempt
at adopting appropriate theoretical frameworks is a reactive
response to "professionalism 'rather than an a credible
effort to understand the nature of special hospital nursing"
(Mason & Chandley, 1990, p. 669).
'The first definition
of 'care' was offered by Florence Nightingale in 1859. "Putting
the patient in the best possible conditions for nature to
act upon him'' (Abel-Smith, 1960, cited in Mason & Chandley,
1990, p. 669).
"This appears
to be the first philosophical stance offered by a nurse
to define the concept of care and it seems that the origin
of nursing in Nightingale recognized the need for holistic
concern rather than the reductionistic task-oriented practice
that developed" (Mason & Chandley, 1990, p. 669).
"If the
origins of nursing derive from the works of Nightingale
(Tarbuck, 1994), the ideological framework of thought and
practice is entrenched in the medical reductionism of the
nineteenth century asylum" (Mason, & Mercer, 1996,
155).
"It is essential
that nurses working in this field are aware of the power/knowledge
equation that frames their practice, research and education"
(Mason & Mercer, 1996, 153).
"There
is a increasing recognition that the epistemological basis
of the dangerous, mentally abnormal offender pivots on techniques
of psychiatric surveillance. These role constructs include
the forensic psychiatric nurse as an agent of social control,
with historical antecedents which both contribute to an
understanding of contemporary practices and offer clear
signposts for future developments" (Mason & Mercer,
1996, p. 154).
United States |
focus
points
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The goals of
American prisons in 1983 were: "care, custody and control"
or security, security, security" (Alexander-Rodriguez
in 1983, p. 116).
"The development
of the theoretical base for forensic social work draws from
the fields of social work, criminal justice, and psychiatry:
case studies are presented to demonstrate the varied roles
of the forensic social worker" (Brennan et al, 1986,
p. 341).
"The basic
philosophy underlying the standards is that health care
provided in the correctional facility should be equivalent
to that available in the community and subject to the same
regulations" (A.N.A., 1995).
"Correctional
institution function is based on these aims. If the aims
of a correctional administration include retribution of
crime and deterrence of future crimes, the environment will
reflect those aims by its disciplinary and punishment-oriented
nature. This atmosphere creates health risks and exists
in opposition of to the provision of health care" (Reeder
& Meldman, 1991, p. 41).
"Health
care and security can be perceived as competing interests
in the correctional institution. These competing interests
may also be perceived as sources of conflict because each
interest aims at divergent goals" (Reeder & Meldman,
1991, p. 44).
"The crime
control policies pursued in the context of the War on Drugs
rest largely on the philosophy of deterrence. As developed
by eighteenth-century utilitarian philosophers such as Jeremy
Bentham (1948) and Cesare Beccaria (1963 [1764]), deterrence
theory suggests that crime results from a rational calculation
of the costs and benefits of criminal activity: Individuals
commit crimes when the benefits outweigh the costs. Because
an important "cost" of crime is apprehension and
punishment, deterrence theorists suggest that "persons
will refrain from committing offenses if they perceive that
they are certain to be punished, with a severe penalty,
and soon after the crime has been committed" (Paternoster,
1991:219). Deterrence can be either specific or general.
Specific deterrence occurs when those who have been punished
"cease offending, commit less serious offenses, or
offend at a lower rate because of the fear of some future
sanction" (Paternoster and Piquero, 1995:251). General
deterrence occurs when potential offenders "learn of
the consequences of criminal involvement (for actual offenders)
and decide not to risk subjecting themselves to such punishment"
(Durham, 1994, p. 134, cited in Spohn, & Holleran, 2002,
p. 329).
Focus Points
Reference
Alexander-Rodriguez,
T. (1983). Prison health: A role for professional nursing.
Nursing Outlook, 31 (2), 115-118.
American Nurses
Association. (1995). Scope & Standards of Nursing
Practice in Correctional
Facilities. (Publication # NP-104). Washington, DC.:
Author.
Brennan, T.P.,
Gedrich, A.. E., Jacoby, S. E., Tardy, M. J., & Tyson,
K. B. (1986). Forensic social work: Practice and vision.
Social Casework: The Journal of Contemporary Social Work,
(6), 340-350.
Kent-Wilkinson,
A. (1993). After the crime, before the trial. Canadian
Nurse, 89 (11), 23- 26.
Mason, T. &
Chandley, M. (1990). Nursing models in a special hospital:
A critical analysis of efficacy. Journal of Advanced
Nursing, 15, 667-673.
Mason, T. &
Mercer, D. (1996). Forensic psychiatric nursing: Vision
of social control. Australian and New Zealand Journal
of Mental Health Nursing, 5, 153-162.
Reeder, D. &
Meldman, L. (1991). Conceptualizing psychosocial nursing
in a jail setting. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing, 29
(8), 40-44.
Seek, N. (1989).
The New Zealand Prison System: The Potential Role of Occupational
Therapy. Journal of Occupational Therapy in Mental Health,
4, 17-23.
Spohn, C., &
Holleran, D. (2002). The effect of imprisonment on recidivism
rates of felony offenders: A focus on drug offenders. Criminology,
40(2), 329-359. Retrieved December 19, 2002, from Academic
Search Premier database:
http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=6951638&db=aph
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C - Forensic Nursing > Section C.1.0. Forensic History > Unit.C.1.2.
Philosophies/Theories
